5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA

View house price history, sold prices, EPC ratings, floor area, valuation estimates and property details for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA.

Property Type: Detached Bungalow
Built: 1967-1975
Total Floor Area: 614 sq ft (57 m²)
Current EPC: D (60)
Potential EPC: B (85)

This page contains historic sold price data, property characteristics, EPC certificate information and valuation estimates for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA. Property information is compiled from Land Registry and EPC records where available.

Property Sale History

15 Apr 2021
+ 32%
£300,000
30 Jul 2019
+ 250%
£227,500
29 Jun 1995
£65,000
1 EPC Certificate

Approximate Location

Shown using postcode-level coordinates and may not represent the exact property location.

Frequently asked questions

What is 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA currently worth?

5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is currently estimated to be worth £353,645, an increase of £53,645 (17.88%) since the recorded sale price.

When was 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA last sold?

The latest recorded sale for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA was on 15 April 2021 for £300,000.

What type of property is 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is listed as a detached bungalow property.

How big is 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The recorded floor area for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is approximately 614 sq ft (57 m²).

What is the EPC rating for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The latest EPC rating for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is D (60). Its potential rating is B (85).

How many times has 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA sold?

There are 3 recorded sales for 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA in the price paid history shown on this page.

Schools

What is the nearest primary school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest primary school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Pinhoe Church of England Primary School & Nursery, which is approximately 0.2 miles away.

What is the nearest secondary school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest secondary school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is St Luke's Church of England School, which is approximately 0.6 miles away.

What is the nearest sixth form to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest sixth form to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Ellen Tinkham School, which is approximately 0.8 miles away.

What is the nearest independent school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest independent school to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Exeter School, which is approximately 2.2 miles away.

What is the nearest school with special classes to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest school with special classes to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is St Luke's Church of England School, which is approximately 0.6 miles away.

Transport

What is the nearest railway station to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest railway station to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Pinhoe Rail Station, which is approximately 0.5 miles away.

What is the nearest airport to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest airport to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Exeter International Airport, which is approximately 2.8 miles away.

What is the nearest bus station to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA?

The nearest bus station to 5 Pulling Road, Exeter, EX4 8PA is Exeter City Centre Bus Station, which is approximately 2.3 miles away.

Nearby Primary Schools

Distance Name Age Range Gender Religion Admissions Special Classes Type
0.17 miles Pinhoe Church of England Primary School & Nursery 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - - Local authority
0.61 miles Westclyst Community Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed None - Free Schools
0.66 miles Monkerton Community Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed None Non-selective - Free Schools
0.80 miles Willowbrook School 3 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
0.99 miles Whipton Barton Infants and Nursery School 2 - 7 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
0.99 miles Whipton Barton Junior School 7 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
1.36 miles St Nicholas Catholic Primary School 3 - 11 Mixed Roman Catholic - - Academies
1.60 miles Stoke Hill Junior School 7 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
1.64 miles Stoke Hill Infant and Nursery School 3 - 7 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
1.70 miles Ladysmith Infant & Nursery School 3 - 7 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
1.73 miles St Michael's Church of England Primary Academy 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - - Academies
1.76 miles Ladysmith Junior School 7 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
1.90 miles Woodwater Academy 3 - 11 Mixed None - - Academies
2.02 miles Clyst Heath Nursery and Community Primary School 3 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
2.13 miles Newtown Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
2.27 miles St Sidwell's Church of England Primary School & Nursery 3 - 11 Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✗ Academies
2.30 miles Broadclyst Community Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
2.41 miles Stoke Canon Church of England Primary School and Pre-School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
2.44 miles Wynstream Primary School Academy 4 - 11 Mixed - - - Academies
2.47 miles Clyst St Mary Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
2.60 miles St Leonard's (CofE) Primary School 5 - 11 Mixed Church of England - - Academies
2.70 miles St Martin's CofE Primary & Nursery School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
2.87 miles St David's CofE Primary School 5 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
3.10 miles Trinity CofE Primary and Nursery School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - - Academies
3.14 miles Brampford Speke Church of England Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
3.20 miles Countess Wear Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✓ Academies
3.28 miles St Thomas Primary School 5 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
3.35 miles Montgomery Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
3.46 miles St Gabriel's CofE Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England ✗ Academies
3.62 miles Exwick Heights Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - - Academies
3.64 miles Bowhill Primary School 5 - 11 Mixed - - - Academies
3.79 miles Rockbeare Church of England Primary School and Pre-School 3 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
3.88 miles Lady Seaward's Church of England Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
3.92 miles The Topsham School 3 - 11 Mixed - - - Local authority
3.94 miles Alphington Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
4.40 miles Exminster Community Primary 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
4.43 miles Ide Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
4.99 miles Woodbury Salterton Church of England Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
5.01 miles Thorverton Church of England Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
5.31 miles Newton St Cyres Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
5.32 miles Silverton Church of England Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
5.60 miles Whimple Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
5.77 miles Woodbury Church of England Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
5.88 miles Kenn Church of England Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Academies
5.97 miles The Duchy School Bradninch 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
6.45 miles Clyst Hydon Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Local authority
6.73 miles Lympstone Church of England Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority
6.86 miles West Hill Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Local authority
6.96 miles Kenton Primary School 2 - 11 Mixed - - ✗ Academies
7.77 miles Plymtree Church of England Primary School 4 - 11 Mixed Church of England - ✗ Local authority

Nearby Secondary Schools

Distance Name Age Range Sixth Form Gender Religion Admissions Special Classes Type
0.60 miles St Luke's Church of England School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✓ Academies
0.80 miles St James School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
1.64 miles St Peter's Church of England Aided School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✗ Local authority
2.01 miles Clyst Vale Community College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
2.72 miles Isca Academy 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective - Academies
3.66 miles West Exe School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective - Academies
8.12 miles The King's School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
8.36 miles Cullompton Community College 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
8.53 miles Exmouth Community College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
8.96 miles Queen Elizabeth's 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
10.94 miles Dawlish College 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
11.16 miles Sidmouth College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
11.69 miles Tiverton High School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✓ Academies
13.10 miles Uffculme School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
13.22 miles Honiton Community College 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
13.27 miles Teignmouth Community School, Exeter Road 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
14.14 miles Teign School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
15.43 miles South Devon UTC 14 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - Free Schools
15.62 miles Newton Abbot College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
15.71 miles Coombeshead Academy 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
17.82 miles Colyton Grammar School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Selective ✗ Academies
17.91 miles St Cuthbert Mayne School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed Roman Catholic/Church of England Non-selective ✗ Local authority
18.31 miles Torquay Academy 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective - Academies
18.52 miles The Spires College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✓ Local authority
18.61 miles Torquay Girls' Grammar School 11 - 18 ✓ Girls None Selective ✗ Academies
18.70 miles Torquay Boys' Grammar School 11 - 18 ✓ Boys None Selective ✗ Academies
19.08 miles South Dartmoor Community College 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
19.29 miles Court Fields School 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed - Non-selective - Academies

Nearby Sixth Forms including Colleges

Distance Name Phase Age Range Sixth Form Gender Religion Admissions Special Classes Type
0.76 miles Ellen Tinkham School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
2.01 miles Clyst Vale Community College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
2.17 miles Exeter School Not applicable 6 - 19 ✓ Mixed None Selective ✗ Independent schools
2.33 miles The Maynard School Not applicable 4 - 19 ✓ Girls None Selective ✗ Independent schools
2.33 miles Magdalen Court School Not applicable 5 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Special schools
2.54 miles Exeter Mathematics School 16 plus 16 - 19 ✓ Mixed None - Free Schools
2.84 miles Exeter and North Devon Colleges Group 16 plus 16 - 99 - Mixed - - - Colleges
8.12 miles The King's School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
8.51 miles Mill Water School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
8.53 miles Exmouth Community College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
8.96 miles Queen Elizabeth's Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
9.35 miles Royal Deaf Education Trust Not applicable 5 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
10.69 miles St John's School Not applicable 2 - 19 ✓ Mixed Christian - ✗ Independent schools
11.16 miles Sidmouth College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
11.37 miles Blundell's School Not applicable 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed Church of England - ✗ Independent schools
11.52 miles Orchard Manor School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
12.86 miles Trinity School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed Roman Catholic/Anglican Non-selective ✓ Independent schools
13.27 miles Teignmouth Community School, Exeter Road Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✗ Academies
14.14 miles Teign School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
14.77 miles Stover School Not applicable 3 - 18 ✓ Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✗ Independent schools
15.43 miles South Devon UTC Secondary 14 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - Free Schools
15.62 miles Newton Abbot College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
15.71 miles Coombeshead Academy Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
17.11 miles Mayfield School Not applicable 2 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
17.19 miles Combe Pafford School Not applicable 8 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
17.82 miles Colyton Grammar School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Selective ✗ Academies
17.91 miles St Cuthbert Mayne School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed Roman Catholic/Church of England Non-selective ✗ Local authority
18.31 miles Torquay Academy Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective - Academies
18.52 miles The Spires College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✓ Local authority
18.61 miles Torquay Girls' Grammar School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Girls None Selective ✗ Academies
18.70 miles Torquay Boys' Grammar School Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Boys None Selective ✗ Academies
19.08 miles South Dartmoor Community College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Academies
19.54 miles Wellington School Not applicable 2 - 20 ✓ Mixed Christian Selective ✗ Independent schools
19.72 miles Sands School Not applicable 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Independent schools

Nearby Independent Schools

Distance Name Age Range Sixth Form Gender Religion Admissions Special Classes
2.17 miles Exeter School 6 - 19 ✓ Mixed None Selective ✗
2.33 miles The Maynard School 4 - 19 ✓ Girls None Selective ✗
2.69 miles Exeter Cathedral School 3 - 13 - Mixed Anglican/Christian - ✗
2.92 miles St Wilfrid's School 3 - 16 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✗
4.19 miles Exeter Pre-Prep School 3 - 7 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✗
6.85 miles St Peter's Preparatory School 3 - 13 ✗ Mixed None - ✗
10.69 miles St John's School 2 - 19 ✓ Mixed Christian - ✗
10.75 miles Chances Educational Support Services 11 - 16 - Mixed None - -
11.37 miles Blundell's School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed Church of England - ✗
11.52 miles Blundell's Preparatory School 2 - 11 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective -
12.86 miles Trinity School 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed Roman Catholic/Anglican Non-selective ✓
14.77 miles Stover School 3 - 18 ✓ Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✗
18.09 miles Abbey School 2 - 11 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✗
19.54 miles Wellington School 2 - 20 ✓ Mixed Christian Selective ✗
19.72 miles Sands School 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗

Nearby Special Schools / Schools with Special Classes

Distance Name Phase Age Range Sixth Form Gender Religion Admissions Special Classes Type
0.60 miles St Luke's Church of England School Secondary 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed Church of England Non-selective ✓ Academies
0.76 miles Ellen Tinkham School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
1.02 miles Vranch House School Not applicable 2 - 19 - Mixed None - ✓ Special schools
2.33 miles Magdalen Court School Not applicable 5 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✗ Special schools
2.60 miles Southbrook School Not applicable 11 - 16 - Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
2.83 miles Infocus College Not applicable 16 - 25 - Mixed - - ✓ Other types
3.20 miles Countess Wear Primary School Primary 2 - 11 ✗ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
3.47 miles Belong School Devon Not applicable 11 - 17 - Mixed - Special schools
4.10 miles Barley Lane School Not applicable 7 - 16 - Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
4.95 miles The Outdoors School Not applicable 7 - 16 - Mixed None - - Special schools
8.05 miles The Wildings Not applicable 7 - 18 - Mixed - Special schools
8.51 miles Mill Water School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
8.53 miles Exmouth Community College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
8.65 miles Marpool Primary School Primary 3 - 11 ✗ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
8.96 miles Queen Elizabeth's Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed - Non-selective ✓ Academies
9.31 miles Littleham Church of England Primary School Primary 2 - 11 ✗ Mixed Church of England - ✓ Academies
9.35 miles Royal Deaf Education Trust Not applicable 16 - 24 - Mixed - - ✓ Other types
9.35 miles Royal Deaf Education Trust Not applicable 5 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
9.60 miles K-HQ Not applicable 11 - 18 - Girls None - ✓ Special schools
10.84 miles Education and Care (Devon) Ltd At 7-9 Oak Park Villas Not applicable 16 - 25 - Mixed - - ✓ Other types
10.84 miles Oakwood Specialist College Not applicable 16 - 25 - Mixed - - ✓ Other types
11.32 miles Westcliff Primary Academy Primary 4 - 11 ✗ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
11.52 miles Orchard Manor School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
11.69 miles Tiverton High School Secondary 11 - 16 ✗ Mixed None Non-selective ✓ Academies
12.86 miles Trinity School Not applicable 3 - 19 ✓ Mixed Roman Catholic/Anglican Non-selective ✓ Independent schools
13.24 miles Running Deer School Not applicable 8 - 16 - Mixed None - - Special schools
13.79 miles The Greater Horseshoe School Not applicable 8 - 18 - Mixed None - ✓ Special schools
15.68 miles Phoenix Bay School Not applicable 5 - 16 - Mixed None - Special schools
15.76 miles Fieldstone School Not applicable 5 - 16 - Mixed None - - Special schools
17.11 miles Mayfield School Not applicable 2 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Special schools
17.19 miles Combe Pafford School Not applicable 8 - 19 ✓ Mixed - - ✓ Academies
18.52 miles The Spires College Secondary 11 - 18 ✓ Mixed None Non-selective ✓ Local authority
19.94 miles Beyond Creative Education Not applicable 14 - 19 - Mixed None - - Special schools

Nearby Railway Stations

Distance Name
0.46 miles Pinhoe Rail Station
1.30 miles Polsloe Bridge Rail Station
1.94 miles Digby & Sowton Rail Station
2.09 miles St James Park (Devon) Rail Station
2.56 miles Newcourt Rail Station
2.56 miles Cranbrook Rail Station
2.67 miles Exeter Central Rail Station
3.02 miles Exeter St Davids Rail Station
3.19 miles Exeter St Thomas Rail Station
3.24 miles Marsh Barton
3.90 miles Topsham Rail Station
5.30 miles Exton Rail Station
5.53 miles Newton St Cyres Rail Station
5.69 miles Whimple Rail Station
5.74 miles Lympstone Commando Rail Station
6.79 miles Lympstone Village Rail Station
7.95 miles Crediton Rail Station
8.00 miles Starcross Rail Station
8.76 miles Exmouth Rail Station
8.97 miles Feniton Rail Station
10.01 miles Dawlish Warren Rail Station
11.15 miles Dawlish Rail Station
11.21 miles Yeoford Rail Station
13.01 miles Copplestone Rail Station
13.16 miles Tiverton Parkway Rail Station
13.29 miles Honiton Rail Station
13.42 miles Teignmouth Rail Station
14.49 miles Morchard Road Rail Station
15.62 miles Newton Abbot Rail Station
16.61 miles Lapford Rail Station
18.82 miles Torre Rail Station
19.63 miles Torquay Rail Station
20.10 miles Eggesford Rail Station
20.76 miles Sampford Courtenay Rail Station
20.88 miles Axminster Rail Station
21.58 miles Paignton Rail Station
22.76 miles Okehampton Rail Station
23.03 miles Kings Nympton Rail Station
23.11 miles Totnes Rail Station
24.89 miles Bishop's Lydeard Rail Station
25.42 miles Taunton Rail Station
25.48 miles Portsmouth Arms Rail Station
28.26 miles Umberleigh Rail Station
30.54 miles Chapelton (Devon) Rail Station
30.55 miles Ivybridge Rail Station
31.93 miles Crewkerne Rail Station
34.11 miles Bridgwater Rail Station
34.37 miles Barnstaple Rail Station
36.16 miles Gunnislake Rail Station
36.32 miles Calstock Rail Station

Nearby Airports

Distance Name
2.78 miles Exeter International Airport
35.53 miles Plymouth City Airport
45.76 miles Cardiff International Airport

Nearby Bus Stations

Distance Name
2.30 miles Exeter City Centre Bus Station
8.75 miles Exmouth Bus Station
11.03 miles Tiverton Bus Station
21.60 miles Paignton Bus Station
24.91 miles Taunton Bus Station
31.34 miles Bridport Bus Station
32.33 miles Tavistock Bus Station
33.96 miles Bridgwater Bus Station
34.35 miles Kingsbridge Bus Station
34.36 miles Barnstaple Bus Station
38.70 miles Bretonside Bus Station
39.67 miles Yeovil Bus Station
42.70 miles Ilfracombe Bus Station
48.33 miles Wells Bus Station

Broadband Availability & Performance in EX4 8PA

Gigabit Coverage

100.0%

Average Download

232.2 Mbps

Average Upload

26 Mbps

Broadband Availability
Gigabit Coverage 100.0%
Ultrafast Coverage 100.0%
Ultrafast 100+ Coverage 100.0%
Superfast Coverage 100.0%
NGA Coverage 100.0%
Below USO 0.0%
Fixed Wireless Availability 0.0%
Broadband Performance
Median Download 125 Mbps
Average Download 232.2 Mbps
Maximum Download 1000 Mbps
Median Upload 10 Mbps
Average Upload 26 Mbps
Maximum Upload 115 Mbps
Average Data Usage 97 GB
Median Data Usage 97 GB
Connection Distribution
Speed Tier Connections (%)
< 2 Mbps 0
2 - 5 Mbps 0
5 - 10 Mbps 0
10 - 30 Mbps 2
30 - 300 Mbps 4
300+ Mbps 1